Un cometa, volverá a cruzar el cielo terrestre tras una larga ausencia de 50.000 años

Procedente de los confines del sistema solar, el cometa «C/2022 E3 (ZTF)», podría ser incluso visto a simple vista a finales de enero.

Es un pequeño cuerpo rocoso y helado, de un diámetro de apenas 1 km, descubierto en marzo de 2022 por el programa «Zwicky Transient Facility» (ZTF), que opera el telescopio Samuel-Oschin del Observatorio Palomar, en California.

Fue detectado cuando pasaba por la órbita de Júpiter, y esta semana pasará cerca del Sol.

Alcanzará su perihelio, es decir el punto más cercano al Sol, el 12 de enero, según los astrónomos, que pudieron calcular su trayectoria tras meses de observación.

Cuando un cometa se acerca al Sol, el hielo que contiene su núcleo pasa al estado gaseoso y suelta una larga cola que refleja la luz del astro rey.

Este rastro brillante es lo que podrá observarse desde la Tierra, inicialmente en el hemisferio norte, a medida que «C/2022 E3 (ZTF)» se vaya acercando.

El cometa brillará con todo su esplendor «cuando esté lo más cerca de la Tierra», explica Thomas Prince, profesor de Física del Instituto de Tecnología de California, que trabaja para ZTF.

Será menos espectacular de todas maneras que Hale-Bopp (1997) o Neowise (2020), que eran mucho más grandes.

Con un buen par de anteojos, o incluso a simple vista, se podrá vislumbrar en la noche, a condición de que el cielo esté despejado, no haya contaminación lumínica y la luz de la Luna no perturbe.

«A lo mejor tenemos suerte y será dos veces más brillante de lo previsto», aventura el astrofísico Nicolas Biver, del Observatorio de París-PSL.

– La mejor ventana de observación –

La mejor ventana de observación será el fin de semana de los días 21 y 22 de enero, y la semana siguiente.

Durante ese periodo pasará entre las constelaciones de la Osa Menor y la Osa Mayor. Después se podrá ver en el hemisferio sur, para luego repartir hacia los confines del sistema solar, donde probablemente nació.

Según los modelos actuales, los cometas provienen o del cinturón de Kuiper, más allá de la órbita de Neptuno, o de la nube de Oort, una enorme zona teórica situada a casi un año luz del Sol, en el límite su campo gravitacional.

Teniendo en cuenta su órbita, este cometa «proviene inicialmente de la nube de Oort», según Biver.

Hace 50.000 años, el «C/2022 E3 (ZTF)» ya visitó el interior del sistema solar y pasó cerca de la Tierra.

Esta vez probablemente «saldrá de una vez por todas del sistema solar», indica Biver.

Todo estará listo para contemplarlo, y los científicos esperan aprender un poco más de la composición de los cometas, en particular gracias al poderoso telescopio espacial James Webb.

«Vamos a observarlo por todos lados. No es el cometa del siglo, pero estamos contentos de poder observar cometas como éste cada uno o dos años, porque los consideramos como vestigios de la formación del sistema solar», explica el astrofísico.

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Teniendo en cuenta su órbita, este cometa «proviene inicialmente de la nube de Oort», según Biver.

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